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On AWS

Provision infra for DIGIT on AWS using Terraform

The Amazon Elastic Kubernetes Service (EKS) is one of the AWS services for deploying, managing, and scaling any distributed and containerized workloads, here we can provision the EKS cluster on AWS from ground up and using an automated way (infra-as-code) using terraform and then deploy the DIGIT Services config-as-code using Helm.

Pre-read:

Know about EKS: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SsUnPWp5ilc
Know what is terraform: https://youtu.be/h970ZBgKINg

Prerequisites

AWS account with the admin access to provision EKS Service, you can always subscribe to free AWS account to learn the basics and try, but there is a limit to what is offered as free, for this demo you need to have a commercial subscription to the EKS service, if you want to try out for a day or two, it might cost you about Rs 500 - 1000. (Note: Post the Demo, for the internal folks, eGov will provide a 2-3 hrs time bound access to eGov's AWS account based on the request and available number of slots per day)
Install kubectl on your local machine that helps you interact with the kubernetes cluster
Install Helm that helps you package the services along with the configurations, envs, secrets, etc into a **[kubernetes manifests**](https://devspace.cloud/docs/cli/deployment/kubernetes-manifests/what-are-manifests)
Install terraform version (0.14.10) for the Infra-as-code (IaC) to provision cloud resources as code and with desired resource graph and also it helps to destroy the cluster at one go.
****Install AWS CLI **on your local machine so that you can use aws cli commands to provision and manage the cloud resources on your account.
Install AWS IAM Authenticator that helps you authenticate your connection from your local machine so that you should be able to deploy DIGIT services.
Use the AWS IAM User credentials provided for the Terraform (Infra-as-code) to connect with your AWS account and provision the cloud resources.
You'll get a Secret Access Key and Access Key ID. Save them safely.
Open the terminal and Run the following command you have already installed the AWS CLI and you have the credentials saved. (Provide the credentials and you can leave the region and output format as blank)
```
aws configure --profile egov-workshop-account 

AWS Access Key ID []:<Your access key>
AWS Secret Access Key []:<Your secret key>
Default region name []: ap-south-1
Default output format []: text
```

The above will create the following file In your machine as /Users/<your username>/.aws/credentials

[egov-test-account] 
aws_access_key_id=*********** 
aws_secret_access_key=****************************

DIGIT - Infra Resource Graph on AWS

Terraform helps you build a graph of all your resources, and parallelizes the creation and modification of any non-dependent resources. Because of this, Terraform builds infrastructure as efficiently as possible, and operators get insight into dependencies in their infrastructure.

Before we provision the cloud resources, we need to understand and be sure about what resources need to be provisioned by terraform to deploy DIGIT. The following picture shows the various key components. (EKS, Worker Nodes, PostGres DB, EBS Volumes, Load Balancer)

Considering the above deployment architecture, the following is the resource graph that we are going to provision using terraform in a standard way so that every time and for every env, it'll have the same infra.

EKS Control Plane (Kubernetes Master)
Work node group (VMs with the estimated number of vCPUs, Memory)
EBS Volumes (Persistent Volumes)
RDS (PostGres)
VPCs (Private network)
Users to access, deploy and read-only

Understand the Resource Graph in Terraform script:

Ideally, one would write the terraform script from the scratch using this doc.
Here we have already written the terraform script that provisions the production-grade DIGIT Infra and can be customized with the specified configuration.
Let's Clone the DIGIT-DevOps GitHub repo where the terraform script to provision EKS cluster is available and below is the structure of the files.

git clone --branch release https://github.com/egovernments/DIGIT-DevOps.git
cd DIGIT-DevOps/infra-as-code/terraform


└── modules
    ├── db
    │   └── aws
    │       ├── main.tf
    │       ├── outputs.tf
    │       └── variables.tf
    ├── kubernetes
    │   └── aws
    │       ├── eks-cluster
    │       │   ├── main.tf
    │       │   ├── outputs.tf
    │       │   └── variables.tf
    │       ├── network
    │       │   ├── main.tf
    │       │   ├── outputs.tf
    │       │   └── variables.tf
    │       └── workers
    │           ├── main.tf
    │           ├── outputs.tf
    │           └── variables.tf
    └── storage
        └── aws
            ├── main.tf
            ├── outputs.tf
            └── variables.tf

In here, you will find the main.tf under each of the modules that has the provisioning definition for DIGIT resources like EKS cluster, RDS, and Storage, etc. All these are modularized and reacts as per the customized options provided.

Example:

VPC Resources:
- VPC
- Subnets
- Internet Gateway
- Route Table
EKS Cluster Resources:
- IAM Role to allow EKS service to manage other AWS services
- EC2 Security Group to allow networking traffic with EKS cluster
- EKS Cluster
EKS Worker Nodes Resources:
- IAM role allowing Kubernetes actions to access other AWS services
- EC2 Security Group to allow networking traffic
- Data source to fetch latest EKS worker AMI
- AutoScaling Launch Configuration to configure worker instances
- AutoScaling Group to launch worker instances
Database
- Configuration in this directory creates set of RDS resources including DB instance, DB subnet group, and DB parameter group.
Storage Module
- Configuration in this directory creates EBS volume and attaches it together.

The following main.tf with create s3 bucket to store all the state of the execution to keep track.

DIGIT-DevOps/Infra-as-code/terraform/sample-aws/remote-state

[**main.tf**](https://github.com/egovernments/DIGIT-DevOps/blob/release/infra-as-code/terraform/sample-aws/remote-state/main.tf)\*\*\*\*

provider "aws" {
  region = "ap-south-1"
}

#This is a bucket name that you can name as you wish
resource "aws_s3_bucket" "terraform_state" {
  bucket = "try-workshop-yourname" 

  versioning {
    enabled = true
  }

  lifecycle {
    prevent_destroy = true
  }
}

#This is a bucket name that you can name as you wish
resource "aws_dynamodb_table" "terraform_state_lock" {
  name           = "try-workshop-yourname"
  read_capacity  = 1
  write_capacity = 1
  hash_key       = "LockID"

  attribute {
    name = "LockID"
    type = "S"
  }
}

The following main.tf contains the detailed resource definitions that need to be provisioned, please have a look at it.
Dir: DIGIT-DevOps/Infra-as-code/terraform/sample-aws
main.tf

# master configs, terraform state helps to maintain the flow of the execution
terraform {
  backend "s3" {
    bucket = "try-workshop-yourname"
    key = "terraform"
    region = "ap-south-1"
  }
}

# Network Module
module "network" {
  source             = "../modules/kubernetes/aws/network"
  vpc_cidr_block     = "${var.vpc_cidr_block}"
  cluster_name       = "${var.cluster_name}"
  availability_zones = "${var.network_availability_zones}"
}

# PostGres DB
module "db" {
  source                        = "../modules/db/aws"
  subnet_ids                    = "${module.network.private_subnets}"
  vpc_security_group_ids        = ["${module.network.rds_db_sg_id}"]
  availability_zone             = "${element(var.availability_zones, 0)}"
  instance_class                = "db.t3.medium"
  engine_version                = "11.5"
  storage_type                  = "gp2"
  storage_gb                    = "100"
  backup_retention_days         = "7"
  administrator_login           = "egovdev"
  administrator_login_password  = "${var.db_password}"
  db_name                       = "${var.cluster_name}-db"
  environment                   = "${var.cluster_name}"
}

# **********  Uses with various access like Admin, Dev, Deploy
module "iam_user_deployer" {
  source  = "terraform-aws-modules/iam/aws//modules/iam-user"

  name          = "${var.cluster_name}-kube-deployer"
  force_destroy = true  
  create_iam_user_login_profile = false
  create_iam_access_key         = true

  # User "egovterraform" has uploaded his public key here - https://keybase.io/egovterraform/pgp_keys.asc
  pgp_key = "${var.iam_keybase_user}"
}

module "iam_user_admin" {
  source  = "terraform-aws-modules/iam/aws//modules/iam-user"

  name          = "${var.cluster_name}-kube-admin"
  force_destroy = true  
  create_iam_user_login_profile = false
  create_iam_access_key         = true

  # User "egovterraform" has uploaded his public key here - https://keybase.io/egovterraform/pgp_keys.asc
  pgp_key = "${var.iam_keybase_user}"
}

module "iam_user_user" {
  source  = "terraform-aws-modules/iam/aws//modules/iam-user"

  name          = "${var.cluster_name}-kube-user"
  force_destroy = true  
  create_iam_user_login_profile = false
  create_iam_access_key         = true

  # User "test" has uploaded his public key here - https://keybase.io/test/pgp_keys.asc
  pgp_key = "${var.iam_keybase_user}"
}



# ********** EKS Cluster (Control Plane) **********
data "aws_eks_cluster" "cluster" {
  name = "${module.eks.cluster_id}"
}

data "aws_eks_cluster_auth" "cluster" {
  name = "${module.eks.cluster_id}"
}
provider "kubernetes" {
  host                   = "${data.aws_eks_cluster.cluster.endpoint}"
  cluster_ca_certificate = "${base64decode(data.aws_eks_cluster.cluster.certificate_authority.0.data)}"
  token                  = "${data.aws_eks_cluster_auth.cluster.token}"
  load_config_file       = false
  version                = "~> 1.11"
}

module "eks" {
  source          = "terraform-aws-modules/eks/aws"
  cluster_name    = "${var.cluster_name}"
  cluster_version = "${var.kubernetes_version}"
  subnets         = "${concat(module.network.private_subnets, module.network.public_subnets)}"

  tags = "${
    map(
      "kubernetes.io/cluster/${var.cluster_name}", "owned",
      "KubernetesCluster", "${var.cluster_name}"
    )
  }"

  vpc_id = "${module.network.vpc_id}"

  # ********** Worker Nodes
  worker_groups_launch_template = [
    {
      name                    = "spot"
      subnets                 = "${concat(slice(module.network.private_subnets, 0, length(var.availability_zones)), slice(module.network.public_subnets, 0, length(var.availability_zones)))}"
      override_instance_types = "${var.override_instance_types}"
      asg_max_size            = 4
      asg_desired_capacity    = 4
      kubelet_extra_args      = "--node-labels=node.kubernetes.io/lifecycle=spot"
      additional_security_group_ids = ["${module.network.worker_nodes_sg_id}"]
      spot_allocation_strategy= "capacity-optimized"
      spot_instance_pools     = null
    },
  ]

  map_users    = [
    {
      userarn  = "${module.iam_user_deployer.this_iam_user_arn}"
      username = "${module.iam_user_deployer.this_iam_user_name}"
      groups   = ["system:masters"]
    },
    {
      userarn  = "${module.iam_user_admin.this_iam_user_arn}"
      username = "${module.iam_user_admin.this_iam_user_name}"
      groups   = ["global-readonly", "digit-user"]
    },
    {
      userarn  = "${module.iam_user_user.this_iam_user_arn}"
      username = "${module.iam_user_user.this_iam_user_name}"
      groups   = ["global-readonly"]
    },    
  ]
}

# ********** EBS Volumes for the statefulsets (PVCs)
module "es-master" {

  source = "../modules/storage/aws"
  storage_count = 3
  environment = "${var.cluster_name}"
  disk_prefix = "es-master"
  availability_zones = "${var.availability_zones}"
  storage_sku = "gp2"
  disk_size_gb = "2"

}
module "es-data-v1" {

  source = "../modules/storage/aws"
  storage_count = 3
  environment = "${var.cluster_name}"
  disk_prefix = "es-data-v1"
  availability_zones = "${var.availability_zones}"
  storage_sku = "gp2"
  disk_size_gb = "25"

}

module "zookeeper" {

  source = "../modules/storage/aws"
  storage_count = 3
  environment = "${var.cluster_name}"
  disk_prefix = "zookeeper"
  availability_zones = "${var.availability_zones}"
  storage_sku = "gp2"
  disk_size_gb = "2"

}

module "kafka" {

  source = "../modules/storage/aws"
  storage_count = 3
  environment = "${var.cluster_name}"
  disk_prefix = "kafka"
  availability_zones = "${var.availability_zones}"
  storage_sku = "gp2"
  disk_size_gb = "50"

}

Custom variables/configurations:

You can define your configurations in variables.tf and provide the env specific cloud requirements so that using the same terraform template you can customize the configurations.

├── sample-aws
│   ├── main.tf 
│   ├── outputs.tf
│   ├── providers.tf
│   ├── remote-state
│   │   └── main.tf
│   └── variables.tf

Following are the values that you need to mention in the following files, the blank ones will be prompted for inputs while execution.

****variables.tf

## Add Cluster Name
variable "cluster_name" {
  default = "<Desired Cluster name>"  #eg: my-digit-eks
}

## Add vpc_cidr_block
variable "vpc_cidr_block" {
  default = "CIDR" 
}

# If you want prod grade N/W, you can define HA, DRS with multi zone
variable "network_availability_zones" {  
  default = ["ap-south-1b", "ap-south-1a"]
}

# Which zone, it matters
variable "availability_zones" {
  default = ["ap-south-1b"]
}

variable "kubernetes_version" {
  default = "1.18"
}

# instance type for your worker nodes like r5a.large is 8 vCPU and 16GB RAM
variable "instance_type" {
  default = "r5a.large"
}

# spot instance configuration
variable "override_instance_types" {
  default = ["r5a.large", "r5ad.large", "r5d.large", "t3a.xlarge"] 
}

# number of machines as per estimate
variable "number_of_worker_nodes" {
  default = "3"
}

##Add ssh key in case you want to ssh to nodes
variable "ssh_key_name" {
  default = "ssh key name"
}

# terraform users ssh public key, you need to one for you, refer below to create yours
variable "iam_keybase_user" {
  default = "keybase:egovterraform"
}

# will be prompted to provide during the execution
variable "db_password" {}

Important: Create your own keybase key before you run the terraform

Use this URL https://keybase.io/ to create your own PGP key, this will create both public and private key in your machine, upload the public key into the keybase account that you have just created, and give a name to it and ensure that you mention that in your terraform. This allows to encrypt all the sensitive information.
- Example user keybase user in eGov case is "egovterraform" needs to be created and has to uploaded his public key here - https://keybase.io/egovterraform/pgp_keys.asc
- you can use this portal to Decrypt your secret key. To decrypt PGP Message, Upload the PGP Message, PGP Private Key and Passphrase.

Run terraform

Now that we know what the terraform script does, the resources graph that it provisions and what custom values should be given with respect to your env.

Let's begin to run the terraform scripts to provision infra required to Deploy DIGIT on AWS.

First CD into the following directory and run the following command 1-by-1 and watch the output closely.

cd DIGIT-DevOps/infra-as-code/terraform/sample-aws/remote-state
terraform init
terraform plan
terraform apply


cd DIGIT-DevOps/infra-as-code/terraform/sample-aws
terraform init
terraform plan
terraform apply

Upon Successful execution following resources gets created which can be verified by the command "terraform output"

s3 bucket: to store terraform state.
Network: VPC, security groups.
IAM users auth: using keybase to create admin, deployer, the user. Use this URL https://keybase.io/ to create your own PGP key, this will create both public and private key in your machine, upload the public key into the keybase account that you have just created, and give a name to it and ensure that you mention that in your terraform. This allows to encrypt all the sensitive information.
- Example user keybase user in eGov case is "egovterraform" needs to be created and has to uploaded his public key here - https://keybase.io/egovterraform/pgp_keys.asc
- you can use this portal to Decrypt your secret key. To decrypt PGP Message, Upload the PGP Message, PGP Private Key and Passphrase.
EKS cluster: with master(s) & worker node(s).
Storage(s): for es-master, es-data-v1, es-master-infra, es-data-infra-v1, zookeeper, kafka, kafka-infra.
Use this link to get the kubeconfig from EKS to get the kubeconfig file and being able to connect to the cluster from your local machine so that you should be able to deploy DIGIT services to the cluster.

aws sts get-caller-identity

# Run the below command and give the respective region-code and the cluster name
aws eks --region <region-code> update-kubeconfig --name <cluster_name>

Finally, Verify that you are able to connect to the cluster by running the following command

kubectl config use-context <your cluster name>

kubectl get nodes

NAME                                             STATUS AGE   VERSION               OS-Image           
ip-192-168-xx-1.ap-south-1.compute.internal   Ready  45d   v1.15.10-eks-bac369   Amazon Linux 2   
ip-192-168-xx-2.ap-south-1.compute.internal   Ready  45d   v1.15.10-eks-bac369   Amazon Linux 2   
ip-192-168-xx-3.ap-south-1.compute.internal   Ready  45d   v1.15.10-eks-bac369   Amazon Linux 2   
ip-192-168-xx-4.ap-south-1.compute.internal   Ready  45d   v1.15.10-eks-bac369   Amazon Linux 2

Whola! All set and now you can go Deploy DIGIT...